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The nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia is one of the most studied biological control agents against plant (semi-) endo-parasitic nematodes of the genera Globodera, Heterodera, Meloidogyne, Nacobbus and, more recently, Rotylenchulus. In this paper we present highlights from more than three decades of worldwide research on this biological controlagent. We cover different aspects and key components of the complex plant-fungus-nematode tri-trophic interaction, an interaction that needs to be addressed to ensure the efficient use of P. chlamydosporia as a biopesticide as part of an integrated pest management approach.
Mode of action of fungal and bacterial nematicides
Fungi group may be divided into nematode-trapping, endoparasitic, egg- and female-parasitic, and toxin-producing fungi. For example, for the nematode-trapping fungus, entangled nematode with adhesive network of Monacrosporium megalosporum hypha is illustrated. Catenaria anguillulae, an endoparasitic fungus, is a member of the Chytridiomycota, the only major group of true (chitin-walled) fungi that produce motile spores, termed zoospores.
This fungus is often found as a facultative (non-specialized) parasite of nematodes and other small organisms. Phase-contrast microscopy was used to show the single and double chain of mature and immature fungal sporangium on parasitized nematodes.
Based on their modes of action, the nematophagous bacteria can also be broadly grouped into parasitic bacteria and non-parasitic rhizobacteria.
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